Application rate of sprinkler irrigation. Dadhich et al. The sprinkler irrigation time was lowest and the efficiency was greatly improved by varying application rate of sprinkler irrigation. orchard management conditions whose sprinkler irrigation systems do not cause runoff for guidance on sprinkler application rates. High application rates often cause runoff from most soil types (except extremely sandy soils). Use this calculator to determine the length of time that an irrigation system must run to apply enough water to replace the water lost to evapotranspiration. 000 litters per hour). Drip. The application rate of the water emitters varies from lower values near the pivot to higher ones towards the outer end by the use of small and large nozzles along the line accordingly. Sprinkler calculator finds the nozzle discharge (flow rate) for a given diameter and pressure, or the diameter size for a given pressure and flow rate. 2023. Also, low PR nozzles or dripline can be used on slopes to reduce the potential for runoff and erosion. No irrigation­ system delivers water at 100 percent efficiency. Infiltration rate may be determined using the method described in Keywords. The area covered by these nine sprinklers can be considered as four subsections, labeled A, B, C, and D, as shown. When selecting a sprinkler system it is important to make sure that the average application rate is less than the basic infiltration rate of the soil (see Annex 2). This is particularly applicable to hand-move, or wheel-line, irrigation systems. Also, it is important to realize that to time the irrigation events, it is necessary to know the depth of water applied in a given (water application rates) unit of time. Useful for Pesticide and Fertilizer Applications Jun 1, 2023 · DOI: 10. Its exceptional design and impressive performance placed the rotor a cut above back then, and continuous improvements and enhancements have allowed it to remain the number-one-selling rotor in the world ever since. Table 4 provides the effective crop root depths that would contain approximately 80% of the feeder roots in a deep well-drained soil profile. 69% and 2. Equation 12. after two minutes, the application rate is 2. If the application rate exceeds the intake capacity of the soil for extended periods of time, undesirable puddling and runoff occur. Precipitation Rate (in/hr) = 0 in/hr. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like To which of the irrigation systems does each descriptive phrase best apply?, Which one of the following irrigation systems is not a pressurized irrigation system?, Which solid set sprinkler application rate is acceptable if the infiltration rate is 0. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a feasible scientific and theoretical basis for developing a reasonable The average application rate from the sprinklers (in mm/hour) is always chosen to be less than the basic infiltration rate of the soil (see Annex 2) so that surface ponding and runoff can be avoided. And The Christiansen Coefficient of Uniformity CU was applied. C enter pivot irrigation systems have become the ir-rigation method of choice for much of the United States, particularly in the Pacific Northwest where medium–textured soils and rolling topography dominate the landscape. Apr 3, 2023 · The water application rate (AR) and droplet kinetic energy are considered the most important indicators of soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation. 5 mm/h) than the impact sprinkler (0-0. Int J Basic Appl Sci 6:98–103. This feature of drag-reducing polymers has been utilised in reducing the energy requirements of sprinkler irrigation system and increasing the area of coverage as well as reducing the percolation loss of water added with drag reducing polymers. Application rate is the rate (usually given in inches per hour) at which a particular sprinkler applies water to the soil. [28] The system moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the arc. Sprinkler irrigation is a method that has high application efficiency, which can be further increased when coupled with automation toward 2 days ago · The instantaneous application rate is the rate of water application measured in inches per hour to a finite area of land as the machine moves across that area. 50 inch per hour. Jun 11, 2018 · Sprinkler/spray irrigation is the method of applying water to a controlled manner in that is similar to rainfall. Fig. Spacing and discharge of sprinkler determine the application rate which should be less than infiltration rate for not producing surface runoff. If sprinkler irrigation is the only method available, then light fine sprays irrigation. With this system, crops get the water they need when they need it. Performance of 2 types of sprinkler irrigation emitters Dec 1, 2023 · The prediction errors of the irrigation peak are 8. 1. Keywords: Irrigation, variable rate application, center -pivot irrigation system, uniformity, precision agriculture . For example, Figure 4 shows a sprinkler irrigation system with five sprinkler heads; each has a 4 gpm flow rate (equivalent to 20 gpm for the entire irrigation system). 20 gpm 10 gpm 5 gpm 3 gpm 1 2 0 WATER APPLIC. Mar 1, 2001 · Drag reducing polymers reduce the drag in a turbulent flow while increase the drag in a laminar flow, due to an increase in shear viscosity. One of the most significant factors to identify will be proper K-Pipe sizing (1. Water may be lost through delivery systems or pipelines and some water may remain in the soil, but not be used by the crop. Mar 27, 2020 · The complete design of the drip irrigation system includes calculation of: the maximum net depth of each irrigation application (d n), the number of emitters per tree or plant (N e), the number of operating stations (or units) into which a field is divided (N), the total discharge rate of drip irrigation network (Q), the time of operation for 37. Such systems require pipes that can operate in quite high pressure (more than 8 bars). , the Nelson D3000 (a fixed spray plate sprinkler, FSPS) and the R3000 (a rotating spray plate sprinkler, RSPS), two sets of irrigation Water Application Rate: Application rate using the flow rate on an area. Jul 1, 1997 · Another factor to consider when you choose sprinklers is the application rate. Perforated pipe system: This calculator estimates the sprinkler water application rate by setting up a simple home experiment. The application rate shall always be less than the basic Mar 27, 2020 · James D, Awu D, Pamdaya N, Kasali M (2018) Effect of micro-sprinkler irrigation application efficiency for Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) farming. Drip Line Application Rate: Water application rate of drip irrigation. A central pivot irrigation system is a mechanized, pressurized irrigation system. can compare the tree ET in inches (in) since the last irrigation event with the sprinkler system application rate (in/hr). e. Jul 29, 2020 · Although the water application rate of a part-circle sprinkler is . Sprinkler irrigation systems, as opposed to furrow irrigation, transmit water to the field independently of topography. 5. Nov 26, 2010 · The study of surface irrigation can be classified into two basic categories (Alazba, 1997): design and analysis. The application rate shall always be less than the basic infiltration rate of the soil. A simple formula is used to calculate precipitation rates for sprinklers using the area inside the sprinkler spacing and the gallons per minute (cubic meters per hour) being applied to that area. 2 (G4), and 486. , yield produced per unit of irrigation Irrigation Run Time. Drip Design for Landscapes: Determine how much water to apply to individual plants with drip emitters. Sprinklers are not suitable for soils which easily form a crust. Q = rate of discharge of sprinkler, A = wetted area of sprinkler, m 2. Sprinklers applying water at that rate and spaced on 34 ! × 34! centers would apply about 0. To make this clearer, let's examine a nine-head section of an irrigation system, assuming that 4 GPM nozzles are installed on all sprinklers, which are 30 feet apart on a square grid. If the application rate exceeds the soil intake rate, the water will run off the field or relocate within the field, resulting in over- and underwatered areas. This system irrigates a circular field unless end guns and swing lines are Nov 1, 2023 · The sprinkler type, sprinkler working pressure, water application rates versus sprinkler distance, and uniformity coefficient of sprinkler irrigation are listed in Table 2. This constant rate is multiplied by all future irrigation set times to give the net application depths for those sets. 25", 1. Reset Form. 85 mm/hr, the pump required for the operation of the For this reason, the application rate test should be performed at least once a year. 3 Soil Type – Sprinkler irrigation may be used in almost any type of soil except those which easily form a crust. 8 mm/h). 15) to evaluate the effects of two riser orientations, vertical (VO) and perpendicular (PO) to the slope, on the uniformity of sprinkler rotation, radius of throw, water distribution of an individual sprinkler and the overlapped Sprinkler Application Rate. Center pivot irrigation is a form of sprinkler irrigation utilising several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminium) joined and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. Compared to drip irrigation, micro-sprinkler irrigation is perceived as a less capable or efficient method. Because of their larger diameter, rotating sprinklers have an average application rate 60 % less than the serrated plate sprinkler. 7 Rate of Water Application or Precipitation Intensity: The rate of water application by an individual nozzle is estimated by the formula as stated below. Once you decide to irrigation, covering plants, and smoking provide little pro-tection against frost damage (Rieger, 1993; Smyth and A sprinkler application rate was provided for the frost protection system by . In order to replicate the experiment, you will need two sprinklers of the same type, and 4 cans. 3 is used to calculate the peak water application rate in inches per hour (in/hr) at the outside end of a center pivot. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Selecting a sprinkler package with too large a peak application rate could cause runoff. The diameters of nozzle #24 and nozzle #26 were 4. 1-16. iii) Application rate: Application rate is an extremely important parameter that is used to properly match sprinklers to the soil, crop, and terrain on which they operate. 0 (G5) gkg-1] under two sprinkler application rates A 50% application rate (half the normal rate) is achieved by cycling the sprinklers on and off every 30 seconds. Jul 14, 2012 · More than 20 years of private and public research on site-specific variable rate sprinkler irrigation (SS-VRI) technology on self-propelled center pivot and linear move irrigation systems has resulted in limited commercial adoption of the technology. Most soils have an intake rate less than 0. 1016/j. Water application rate is the average irrigation depth over the wetted area by a sprinkler. O’Shaughnessy, S. 4. Sprinkler Application Rate. Water Application Rate: Water application rate from a given flow and area. Discharge from a sprinkler is computed by. The net application The ability to manage an irrigation system is contingent on an accurate estimate of the percentage of water pumped that becomes available for crop use. Application Uniformity of a Commercial Center Pivot Variable Rate Irrigation System1 S. The pressure is measured at the sprinkler nozzle. 75" in most cases) to ensure proper pressure and flow will be The average application rate of the sprinklers (in mm/hour) is set lower than the basic infiltration rate of the soil so that surface ponding and runoff can be avoided. The results of this research can support the water-saving irrigation industry and provide an effective theoretical basis for the arrangement and application of sprinklers in sprinkler irrigation systems. Note the difference in pipe sizes based on the total water flowing at each part of the irrigation system (Table 4). 144 lit/sec and the rate of application of the sprinkler was 8. This depends on the irrigation frequency, the water use rate of the crop, the irrigation application rate (precipitation rate), and the irrigation application efficiency. — Application rates for three types of sprin-kler packages showing how rates exceeding soil infiltration rate lead to potential runoff as represented by cross-hatched areas. Application rate has dimensions of length per unit time. 5", or 1. Sprinkler Application Rate Calculator. 175 mm Use this form to calculate the water application rate of drip irrigation lines (tape, tubing) given the flow rate from individual emitters, the spacing of the emitters along the drip line, and the spacing between the drip lines. May 12, 2021 · That’s why micro-sprinkler irrigation has become so popular. 8 m) low-med. Environmental Stewardship: Implementing water-saving technologies and practices informed by performance charts contributes to responsible water usage and A small hammer activated by the thrust of water striking against a connected vane is used to rotate the sprinkler heads. 78%, respectively, confirming the good accuracy of the model. 3 I peak = [ 122. The sprinkler irrigation is implemented in HYDRUS-2D as an “atmospheric” boundary condition at the top of the model domain (soil surface). Before you choose your irrigation system calculate water application rate based on area and flow rate, and find the most suitable irrigation equipment to save money. The maximum application rate for different types of soils at different land slopes is given in Table 14. 1 A, is implemented using HYDRUS-2D's “Time Variable” boundary conditions. Learn more about the units used on this page. Sprinkler Application Rate: Application rate based on nozzle diameter and spacing. Low precipitation rate (PR) nozzles may be required to adjust the rate of water application to the intake rate of the soil. = Net Water Application (in) = Flow Rate from the sprinkler(gpm) = Irrigation Efficiency (as a decimal) = Travel Speed of the Big Gun Sprinkler (ft/min) = Travel lanes width (ft) Reference: Washington State University Variable rate irrigation or VRI is “the ability to spatially vary water application depths across a field to address specific soil, crop, and/or other conditions” (Evans and others, 2013). 4-1 bar) 30-55’ (9. Enter the lateral spacing (ft): RESULTS. Formulas and Conversions PDF. Sprinkler Irrigation Association, Silver Spring, MD. The main problem associated with pivots continues to be the inherently high application rates and tendency for runoff and erosion on medium- and fine-textured soils and rolling topography. R. The required discharge of an individual sprinkler is a function of the water application rate and the two-way spacing of the sprinklers. Enter the sprinkler spacing (ft): 3. May 23, 2022 · In ideal conditions, a well-designed center pivot system can have a water efficiency rate of 85 to 95%, making them more efficient than sprinkler irrigation and flood irrigation systems. Estimating wind drift and evaporation losses from high application rate tRaSh- buSteR pressure & throw depeNds oN sprINkler seleCtIoN low-high application rate accele Rato 6-15 psi (0. (37. The drip line application rate is specific to your irrigation system and shouldn't change, so take a note of it. Figure 2. Use this form to calculate the water application rate using the flow rate onto an area. The formula looks like this: How to estimate the application rate of drip and sprinkler systems. This may take 10 to 15 minutes. 5 mm/h) than the impact Aug 17, 2022 · The “precipitation rate” of the system; The soil type; The depth that you want to wet the soil; The scheduling multiplier; Precipitation (Application) Rate. Colaizzi, and T. The application rate of a sprinkler system, usually measured in inches per hour (in/hr), is determined from the sprinkler discharge rate and the spacing of the sprinklers. Aug 1, 2023 · Even though the fluidic sprinkler compares quite well with the impact sprinkler, the review highlighted that the fluidic sprinkler appears to have more variability in application rate (0-1. Evett, P. 40 in/hr? and more. Micro-irrigation systems include drip (or trickle) irrigation and micro-sprinklers. 10 and 0. 05, 0. In this study, we evaluated the two key indicators, irrigation uniformity and accuracy for a three-span center pivot VRI system with the combination of two sprinkler types, i. Google Scholar Use this first form to determine the effective application rate of sprinklers spaced at uniform distances from each other. a new method is suggested to measure and adjust DU and CU for the less important irrigation application variability on a Jul 2, 2004 · This work analyses the influence of different design and performance factors, such as subunit arrangement, spacing, working pressure, average application rate, and application efficiency on water application costs in a permanent set sprinkler irrigation subunit. Sprinklers are not suitable for soils that easily form a crust or in case of risk of salinisation. When sprinkler application rates are too high, runoff and erosion can occur. The results show that the most important factor is the spacing between sprinklers. If the application rate exceeds the soil intake rate, the water will runoff the field or relocate within the field resulting in over and under watered areas. The instantaneous application Sprinklers with a larger application diameter are less prone to ponding and runoff because the application rate is lower. 4), the nozzle specifications with this operating pressure and application rate is: Nozzle size : 5. : Example of a few rotating type sprinkler irrigation. where, q = required discharge of individual sprinkle, Ls-1 Nov 26, 2010 · Irrigation System; Drip Irrigation; Water Application; Sprinkler Irrigation; Labor Requirement; These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. GPM per Acre = 0 gpm. Basically, there are three techniques to determine the water application rate of a system: Drip Line Rate. Documented and There are a few kinds of sprinkler irrigation methods and emitters. 108299 Corpus ID: 257934835; Critical factors influencing soil runoff and erosion in sprinkler irrigation: Water application rate and droplet kinetic energy Jun 19, 2018 · PDF | On Jun 19, 2018, ¹m Shiva Shankar and others published Sprinkler irrigation | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Maximum application rates for sprinklers in They indicate that variations in water application rate are pretty significant, and the fluidic sprinkler appears to have more variability in application rate (0-1. 1: (1) AR = V w A t w where AR is the water application rate from sprinklers, mm h −1; V w is the water volume in the catch can, mm 3; A is the opening area of the catch can, mm 2; and t w is the irrigation time in the test of water application rate, h. Water Application Rate. Sprinkler. Feb 1, 2022 · Variable-rate irrigation (VRI) can effectively improve the irrigation efficiency. Also run clean water through the injection meter, chemical discharge hose and check valve. , length, width, slope) is a design problem. IRRIGATION SYSTEM AT UBOMBO SUGAR ESTATE, SWAZILAND The net application rate for centre pivot irrigation was estimated from the catch can data according to Ross (1997). Determination of the water advance or infiltration advance is an analysis problem, whereas computation of the inflow rate or system layout (e. Jun 1, 2023 · The water application rate from the sprinklers at a given location was calculated using Eq. The water is distributed through a network that may consist of pumps, valves, pipes, and sprinklers. 19 "/hr. With the advent of commercial variable rate irrigation (VRI) systems, there is H of 86. Among different types of sprinkler irrigation systems, micro-sprinkler irrigation is the right tool for the job. Central pivot, impact sprinklers, and more. Water application rates for irrigation systems are typically given in inches per hour (in/hr) , but drip system application rates are in gallons per hour (gph). Australian Dollar US Dollar Euro Chinese Yuan New Zealand Dollar Sep 12, 2022 · The application rate for sprinkler irrigation of water–fertilizer integration machines is an important technical parameter for efficient operation. g. Jun 6, 2018 · The Sprinkler Effective Application Rate calculator computes the application rate for a sprinkler based on the spacing, nozzle diameter, pressure and an efficiency percentage. The effect of application rate on CU H was significant, with higher application rate s providing higher CU H values. It is best used in sandy soils with high infiltration rates. — Application rate of a sprinkler irrigation system is established by sprinkler size and fixed spacings. agwat. Consequently, a sprinkler system should always be configured in perfect alignment with the type and developmental stages of the irrigated crop, as well as the topography and composition of the soil. The sprinkler application rate, shown in Fig. Among the core elements of mechanized irrigation is a sprinkler system’s application rate. Jan 1, 2007 · ficient water application with sprinkler irrigation involves the design and operation of . Jun 1, 2018 · The leaf surface temperature was lower than Tc, and the difference between the leaf surface temperature and Tc decreased with the increase of application rate. Figure 1. Conservation tillage and residue management can help control Drip Line Application Rate: Water application rate of drip irrigation. Overall irrigation system water application rates for sprinklers with different flow rates or spacings (in the square pattern Referring sprinkler manufacturer’s M/S NOCIL, Akola catalogue (Table 38. A. . Use this form to calculate the water application rate of drip irrigation lines (tape, tubing) given the flow rate from individual emitters, the spacing of the emitters along the drip line, and the spacing between the drip lines. The application of water to soils for crop use is referred to as irrigation. INTRODUCTION Apr 2, 2024 · Improved Plant Health: By selecting the right sprinklers and designing irrigation zones based on precipitation rates, designers can optimize water application, supporting healthy plant growth. Sep 12, 2002 · The majority of agricultural irrigation systems in Georgia fit into one of two broad categories: sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation. Jul 12, 2024 · Little or no preparation is needed, application rates can be controlled, and the system may be used for frost protection and the application of chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers. Aug 16, 2014 · Water application rate \( \overline{\rho_s} \) and Irrigation uniformity are widely used in the evaluation of performances of sprinklers and irrigation systems. True. INSTRUCTIONS: Choose units and enter the following: (ND) This is the nozzle diameter (P) This is the pressure (SS) This is the sprinkler head spacing in order to minimize the pressure changes at the sprinklers and provide uniform irrigation. The application rate cannot exceed the soil’s ability to accept water. 5% for the constant application rate test. Sep 28, 2017 · The application rate of the drip system can be estimated by finding the row with the flow rate that is closest to the tape that you use, and then reading the application rate under the bed and drip line configuration used at your farm. Determining how long run your irrigation system can be challenging because typical irrigation recommendations are provided in inches (or feet) of water depth. 5563 x 3. The sprinkles usually deliver water at a flow rate between 18 to 30 m3 per hour (30. The application rate depends on the size of sprinkler nozzles, the operating pressure and the distance between sprinklers. The energy flux (or kinetic energy), given by a combined effect of drop size, falling height and application rate was found to be a key factor. 25 gal/sprinkler/minute. DeBoer et al. 4. No one system is best for every application. Center pivot sprinkler irrigation is increasing in popularity in the United States due to the low labor requirement and ability to irrigate large fields. pumps, The average application rate is the average ra te that water is applied to the crop/soil . References Jun 19, 2023 · This study highlights that full irrigation with an application rate of 300 kg N/ha resulted in the highest tuber yield, indicating the importance of providing adequate water and nitrogen for sprinkler irrigation systems (1) Center pivot sprinkler irrigation system A center pivot sprinkler irrigation system consists of a continuously moving, horizontal rotating single lateral supported by towers and anchored at a fixed pivot point at the center of the field. May 1, 2020 · The result shows that the discharge of individual sprinkler was found to be 2. 5) where, R a = rate of water application, cm. The maximum application rate in sprinkler irrigation is one above which appreciable runoff from the field occurs. Besides the water application rates of the sprinkler used in the soil tank experiments were also shown in Table 2. At the end of each N application, continue running water through the irrigation system until all N has been discharged from the irrigation system’s pipeline. If the value is too large, the equipment will produce runoff; if it is too small, the equipment will run too long and waste energy. A 150% application rate is achieved by leaving the sprinklers on continuously while decreasing the travel speed of the pivot. The center pivot (CP) is a low/medium pressure fully mechanized automated irrigation system of permanent assemble. Howell USDA-ARS, Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX 79012 Abstract. 5 x Q pump ] / [ R system x R sprinkler ] where, I peak = peak water application rate, inches Dec 23, 2023 · The non-judicious use of water at the farm level in traditional irrigation application methods is a present-day concern across the world that can be resolved by enhancing application efficiency through the adoption of advanced irrigation techniques. Sprinkler irrigation, Spray irrigation, Center pivot irrigation, Water application rate, Rainfall intensity. Jan 1, 2016 · Modeling gypsifereous soil infiltration rate under different sprinkler application rates and successive irrigation events. , 2019). erosion. [7] established a mathematical equation of soil infiltration rate and sprinkler irrigation application rate. Sprinkler Application Rate: Sprinkler application rate based on nozzle diameter and spacing. Google Scholar Pair C (ed) (1975) Sprinkler irrigation, 4th edn. The pressure and application rate are kept between 2 – 4 kg/cm 2 and 4 – 20 mm/hr respectively. Drip Line Rate: Water application rate of drip lines. Enter the sprinkler flow (gpm): 2. This calculator assumes perfect irrigation efficiency and uniformity. [8] pro‐ This calculator uses this formula to determine the Net Water Application Rate of a traveling big gun sprinkler. 1. 8 mm and Sep 23, 2020 · To improve the water application uniformity for sprinkler irrigation on sloping land, indoor tests were conducted on an artificial slope (slopes of 0, 0. the entire line rotates about the pivot. application rate A up-Top or DropS the accelerator maximizes performance of in-canopy water application. Irrigation sprinklers can be used for residential, industrial, and agricultural usage. Arrange the four cans between two sprinklers as shown in the figure below. Use this first form to determine the effective application rate of sprinklers spaced at uniform distances from each other. Equations were derived for predicting the maximum allowable kinetic energy (MAKE) for different scenarios (Bloem and Laker, 1994a). designed as a hybrid of rotator® and spinner technology, The PGP® is Hunter’s original product—the item that put the company on the map in 1981. The original and most used style of pivot irrigation applies water in a circular pattern, pivoting around a central point in the middle of the field. Dec 1, 2021 · For example, sprinkler irrigation evaporation and drift losses range from 2% to 5% for low elevation spray application (LESA), 15–20% for mid-elevation spray application (MESA), and are around 40% for high-pressure impact sprinklers on top of the center pivot pipe (Sarwar et al. D. Therefore, the sprinkler irrigation Sep 29, 2022 · Conventionally, a minimum application rate of 3 mm/h is adopted in sprinkler irrigation because the application rates lower than this cause too much loss. The application rate of the sprinkler system must be matched to the infiltration rate of the most restrictive soil in the field. Sprinklers range from those that apply water in the form of a mist to those that apply an inch or more per hour. Sprinkler irrigation systems include center pivot, linear move, traveling gun, permanent set and solid set. This technology has many potential uses that might enhance farm profitability, irrigation water productivity (i. Necessary considerations include individual line lengths, sprinkler and pod counts, sprinkler type, and proper irrigation application rates which influence sprinkler nozzle sizing. to be Applied (in) _____ Sprinkler Application Rate (in/hr) Determining the Sprinkler Application Rate Determining your sprinkler application rate requires that you know: 1. Sep 29, 2022 · Normally application efficiency for drip irrigation is taken as 90%, for sprinkler irrigation, it is taken as 80%, for conventional furrow or flatbed irrigations, it is taken as 50%. For simplicity, the graph is discretized into 25-time steps, and corresponding The application rate of the sprinkler system must be matched to the intake rate of the most restrictive soil in the field. Competing patents, liability, and proprietary software have affected industry’s willingness to move into a new technology area. Irrigation Set Time (hrs) = Irrigation Amt. Irrigation with Sprinklers (rain spray-gun irrigation) It is one of the most widely used irrigation methods in maize, especially in large fields. djiszr ebipq prnf aaltx ehzk dcujfx gdia rcssv mbfl cdbloaa