Proof of panpsychism. Dec 9, 2019 · It offers 28 chapters, appearing in print here for the first time, from the world’s leading researchers on panpsychism. In the philosophy of mind, panpsychism (/ pænˈsaɪkɪzəm /) is the view that the mind or a mind-like aspect is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of reality. Contemporary panpsychism differs significantly from Aug 17, 2021 · And yet, she observes, many of the actions we attribute to consciousness and hold up as proof of it could, in theory, take place without consciousness, in a machine programmed to operate by logical sequences resulting in those selfsame actions. Non-Constitutive Forms of Panpsychism What seems difficult to make sense of in the subject-summing problem is certain conscious subjects coming together to constitute a new subject. We do not discuss the empirical question in this volume. There are two ways of developing the basic panpsychist position. After all, panpsychism is itself an emerging or reemerging position that seems out of step with philosophies that give primacy to the physical sciences and wield Ockham’s razor whenever possible. Dec 23, 2012 · This means that panpsychism is not only the most logical assumption, but that it is the only logical option despite its seeming conflict with what is known as “common sense”, since common sense (and logic) both dictates the two main points of the argument set forth, and common sense, and therefore its physically verifiable assumptions, are Panpsychism definition: a theory that all matter has some form of consciousness. Sep 20, 2016 · Panpsychism’s popularity stems from the fact that it promises to solve two deep problems simultaneously. 1. ontological proof is fundamentally grounded in the claim made by Zeno that motion/time is impossible, since all material must be fixed and immobile, rather than being infinitely divisible. Introduction Panpsychism, taken literally, is the doctrine that everything has a mind. While in this mindset, panpsychism seems improbable, as physics does not attribute Panpsychism is the view that consciousness – the most puzzling and strangest phenomenon in the entire universe – is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of the world, though in a form very remote from human consciousness. Reasonability, cogency, understanding and mutual understanding, judgment probably: no "proof" in any strict sense. At a very basic level, the world is awake. Sep 1, 2020 · This does not follow from panpsychism. In contrast, he develops the idea that physical processes are a particular case of automatic behaviors. Panpsychism claims that mentality is ubiquitous to reality, and in combination with dual-aspect monism it claims that anything, from fundamental particles to rocks, trees, and human animals, has two aspects: a physical aspect and a mental aspect. In matters of the mind we move from science to metaphysics, from verification to inference to the best explanation. Panpsychism, the ancient doctrine that consciousness is Aug 5, 2015 · Despite Popper’s criticisms, panpsychism’s proponents have gradually worked their way back into the philosophical mainstream. 2017 OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRSTPROOFS, Tue May 17 2016, NEWGEN 4 Panpsychism and Priority Cosmopsychism Y u j i n Nag a s awa a n d K h a i Wage r 4. Commonly, it is considered that these processes obey the “laws of nature. In other words, everything has consciousness. And it has been largely dismissed by modern science — until recently. Jan 15, 2018 · This is partly a legacy of the now disowned epistemology of Verificationism. Other than dual-aspect monism, panpsychism has no psychophysically neutral domain of reality characterized by non-product states. Panpsychism is the view that consciousness is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of the natural world. Mar 17, 2017 · This chapter equates panpsychism with constitutive panpsychism. Oct 16, 2020 · A gap between philosophical analysis and scientific corroboration was typical of identity theory. Panpsychism is the idea that consciousness did not evolve to meet some survival need, nor did it emerge when brains became sufficiently complex. From Panpsychism to Constitutive Panpsychism. May 5, 2024 · In the contemporary literature on panpsychism, one often finds the claim that a Russellian-monist version of panpsychism, i. . Since Strawson's (2006) provocative argument (accompanied by a swathe of high-profile replies) that physicalism entails panpsychism, there have been papers aplenty and a big book (Skrbina's 2009 collection, Strawson featuring once more, as well as some contributors to the present volume). May 8, 2024 · The case for fine-grained functionalism is reviewed and it is shown that there are contemporary machines that fulfil the fine- grained functional criteria identified by Godfrey-Smith, and thus are candidates for sentience. Chalmers are being joined by an increasing number of established philosophers defending the claim that panpsychism is currently the most cogent way to understand human consciousness and its Oct 20, 2016 · For the same reason, panpsychism is often labeled as a kind of monism. IIT shares many insights with panpsychism, starting with the fundamental premise that consciousness is an intrinsic, fundamental aspect of reality. This relies on mind-body dualism. Still, some Introductions: Chalmers’ Chalmers 2017 paper focusing on the combination problem is a very good introduction and sets the scene for most of the contemporary debate. The first is the famous ‘hard problem’ of consciousness. Simply put, panpsychism is the view that ‘consciousness is fundamental and ubiquitous in nature’. If grounding means that Panpsychism, Panprotopsychism, and Neutral Monism Donovan Wishon Assistant Professor of Philosophy University of Mississippi, Oxford In our endeavour to understand reality we are somewhat like a man trying to understand the mechanism of a closed watch. (That, after all, is the most thrilling and terrifying question of artificial intelligence. Panpsychism seems implausible to most, and yet it has experienced a remarkable renaissance of interest over the last quarter Jan 25, 2024 · Panpsychism versus Emergence' (Philosophical Perspectives Vol. Arguments put forward by renowned figures such as Thomas Nagel, Galen Strawson and David J. Of course, seen as an alternative to Cartesian dualism, panpsychism is monistic in spirit. It is thought to be highly Jan 13, 2012 · Panpsychism is hot stuff. Sure, they could be right, but they give no actual evidence to suggest that fundamental particles have some sort of inner life. [1] It is also described as a theory that "the mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe". One of the first Presocratic philosophers of ancient Greece, Thales (c. The fundamental stuff of the universe is matter-consciousness. Constitutive panpsychists need to make sense of this, as they hold that facts about human and animal subjects are constituted of facts about more fundamental kinds 1. But this description might be too coarse-grained. According to panpsychism, the smallest bits of matter – things such as electrons and quarks – have very basic kinds of experience; an electron has an inner life. ; 2 As representatives of atheistic uses of panpsychism, Chalmers, Strawson and (this earlier work from) Goff should not be taken as representative for how cosmopsychism might be paired with philosophy of religion more broadly. Below is what appears to be the simplest proof ever devised, advocating for the reality … Continue reading Nov 8, 2023 · Panpsychism has a long history, with both Western and Eastern philosophers. On this version of panpsychism, the ultimates are experiential entities in the sense that they possess irreducible properties of experi-ence, or qualia, but are not themselves subjects of experience. Instead it is inherent in matter — all matter. (Some think an element of behavioural spontaneity is its chief external mark. It doesn’t define “mind”, and it does tell how the mind relates to those objects that possess it. May 23, 2001 · Panpsychism is the view that mentality is fundamental and ubiquitous in the natural world. edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. [2] Panpsychism, with its long list of advocates and sympathizers, is a robust and respectable approach to mind. Place criticized the “phenomenological fallacy” of taking psychological states as the proof of the existence of an inner world and analyzed introspective statements in terms of linguistic behavior. Another Presocratic philosopher who has been said to espouse panpsychism for reasons similar in form to those of Thales (that is, via analogy and indeed an analogy with motion production) is Anaximenes (whose dates within the sixth century BCE are uncertain), who identified “air” (or “breath”) with soul or mind, thus making mind ubiquitous. Sep 25, 2023 · Part of the appeal of panpsychism is that it appears to provide a workaround to the question posed by Chalmers: we no longer have to worry about how inanimate matter forms minds because mindedness Nov 1, 2019 · What panpsychism offers us is a simple, elegant way of integrating consciousness into our scientific worldview. There are (at least) four versions of mind-first metaphysics: traditional idealism, according to which physical things consist of the sort of experiences sentient beings typically have when they perceive physical things; a strong form of panpsychism The paper examines the perspectives of idealistic panpsychism, a radical version of panpsychism, according to which all reality is only mental. It serves as a stress test for phenomenal realism. Chalmers Australian National University New York University 1. In a standard form of the view, the fundamental constituents of the physical world – perhaps electrons and quarks – have incredibly basic forms of conscious experience, and the consciousness of a human or animal brain is derived from the consciousness of its most basic parts. Ontological Proof of Panpsychism (2) (PDF) Ontological Proof of Panpsychism (2) | Eamon Macdougall - Academia. In my view, its foundation is in Russellian Monism. I will understand panpsychism as the thesis that some fundamental physical entities are conscious: that is, that there is something it is like to be a quark or a photon or a member of some other fundamental physical type. , Russellian panpsychism, is a superior view compared to alternative non-physicalist theories. Panpsychism is distinguished from hylozoism (all matter is living) and pantheism (everything is God). The argument for this claim is that while Russellian panpsychism can integrate consciousness in the causal order and explain mental causation, alternative theories fail to do A Solution to the Combination Problem and the Future of Panpsychism The following is invited commentary on Philip Goff’s "Galileo’s Error" for the Journal of Consciousness Studies, Special Edition October 2021 A Solution to the Combination Problem and the Future of Panpsychism by Annaka Harris Abstract This paper supports the scientific position that panpsychism is a valid… Nov 7, 2017 · But in the absence of hard experimental proof, people are reluctant to attribute consciousness to electrons. Among the central reasons for this importance are the following: Panpsychism occupies a unique position in philosophy. III. There you go! Something to be remembered for. Chris H Hardy Keywords: Consciousness, Physics Abstract Five types of processes display a ‘beyond spacetime’ property—or nonlocality as evidenced in the quantum entanglement—, including psi, proven to operate beyond-brain and beyond-spacetime. Panpsychism is monist. May 7, 2024 · This question is about Panpsychism, but it is also a question I have more generally about the requirement for proof in philosophy. I don’t see any strong proof that the idea of radical emergence is incoherent, but that does not mean it is attractive. 95 (Hardcover), ISBN 9780262042819 Apr 28, 2024 · What is the proof of panpsychism? Well, research in cognitive science and philosophy is more and more supportive of the panpsychists view. In contrast to substance dualism (the view that the universe consists of two kinds of substance, matter and mind), panpsychism does not involve minds popping into existence as certain forms of complex life emerge, or else a soul descending from an immaterial realm at the moment of conception. Brief History. The chapters are divided into four sections that integrate panpsychism’s relevance with important issues in philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, metaphysics, and even ethics: Historical Reflections; Forms of Panpsychism Jul 2, 2021 · In summary, panpsychism can be obtained from the common-sense view of reality by extending the presence of phenomenal properties to the micro level. 1 I thank an anonymous reviewer for suggesting this as a clearer way to carve up the terrain. Most notably, philosopher David Chalmers began suggesting, in the late 1990s, that the mere existence of the panpsychist theory has important logical consequences for how we understand scientific materialism. Three decades ago, Penrose introduced a key element of panpsychism with his theory that consciousness is rooted in the statistical rules of quantum physics as they apply in the microscopic spaces Nov 7, 2023 · I develop a radical form of panpsychism—the view that consciousness goes right down to the fundamental building blocks of reality—aimed at addressing the philosophical challenges of Feb 8, 2018 · In my book Consciousness and Fundamental Reality (2017), I developed these considerations into an extensive argument for panpsychism: the view that all matter has a consciousness-involving nature. Nov 9, 2018 · The ancient theory of consciousness, panpsychism, is undergoing something of a revival within philosophy of mind. Consciousness doesn’t work the way you seem to think it does. Aug 25, 2021 · Panpsychism is the belief that consciousness is found throughout the universe—not only in people and animals, but also in trees, plants, and bacteria. They Mar 1, 2017 · Panpsychists deny this datum of common sense. Panpsychists hold that some aspect of mind to them. Mar 15, 2021 · Panpsychism is silent on such questions. Panpsychism proposes that consciousness exists at a fundamental level. Beginning with Thales’ sentences quoted by Aristotle, “all things are full of gods” (De anima, 411a19) and “the lodestone has a soul because it moves iron” (De anima, 411a19), certain panpsychic thoughts emerge in a number of pre-socratics, such as Empedocles, who states that “the Panpsychism – Introduction – Peter Sjöstedt-H – (Rough Lecture Notes) Panpsychism is the view that forms of sentience are ubiquitous in nature, in contradistinction to the popular notion that sentience is an emergent property of the physiology of complex animals. Panpsychism. Panpsychism is the doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe. It adopts the via negativa definition of physicalism. proof of Panpsychism. Panpsychism in the History of Western Philosophy. ” May 23, 2001 · 1. You are referring to survival of the human mind or soul after death. Oct 3, 2016 · The final five chapters of the book are in a section “Panpsychism and its Alternatives”, but three of the chapters really describe neutral monist panpsychism, dualist panpsychism, and idealist panpsychism; moreover, all three are somewhat idealist in tenor. And it inherently answers the problem of the mutual illusion as well. Namely, that all things are entangled at the quantum level and that at the macro level the separation of objects is an illusion. Unsurprisingly, each of the key terms, “mind”, “fundamental” and “throughout the universe” is subject to a variety of interpretations by panpsychists, leading to a range of possible philosophical positions. Mind is universal. Jul 21, 2022 · According to what I’ve called mind-first metaphysics, the physical facts of our world metaphysically supervene on broadly mental facts. On panpsychism, both the physical and the mental are inseparable and fundamental features of reality. I argue that idealistic panpsychism has a presumption of advantage over other positions Jul 25, 2024 · Argues that materialism is unscientific nonsense relying on magical thinking and that panpsychism is the only available rational explanation for the emergence of complex experience. Panpsychism is increasingly being taken seriously in both philosophy and science, but it is still not unknown for panpsychists to receive the odd incredulous stare. ) Jun 21, 2017 · Authors. However, he goes on to acknowledge that “It is undeniable that panpsychism is intuitively implausible. A comparison is then made with other major theories concerning the problem of consciousness and a brief overview of their respective strengths is given. See examples of PANPSYCHISM used in a sentence. Leading thinkers of the Enlightenment, such as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Baruch Spinoza, were panpsychists, and it Jul 2, 2021 · Panpsychism is a natural development of phenomenal realism. , $27. There is no requirement for proof in philosophy. It simply holds that each ultimate unit of the physical world has a certain ‘charge’ of sentience, which is additional to its physical characteristics, and that in certain circumstances more complex units of nature receive their own Panpsychism is the thesis that physical nature is composed of individuals each of which is to some degree sentient. Nov 28, 2016 · Broadly speaking, panpsychism is the view that everything has a mind, or at least some mindlike quality or aspect. Nov 11, 2022 · Integrated information and panpsychism: toward a deep understanding of the nature of consciousness The feeling of life itself: why consciousness is widespread but can’t be computed, by Christof Koch, Cambridge, Massachusetts, The MIT Press, 2019, 280 pp. He sees the face and the moving hands, even hears its ticking, but he has no way of opening Nov 7, 2023 · This question is about Panpsychism, but it is also a question I have more generally about the requirement for proof in philosophy. 624–545 BCE) deployed an analogical argument for the attribution of mind that tends towards panpsychism. Philosophy: +ve & -ve The author seems to be switching the burden of proof here in that they give no actual evidence supporting their position. As mentioned, it is at once an ontology and a meta-theory of Evaluating Panpsychism’s Hard Problem 245 Luke Roelofs 22 Panpsychism Versus Pantheism, Polytheism, and Cosmopsychism 259 Yujin Nagasawa 23 The Argument for Panpsychism From Experience of Causation 269 Hedda Hassel Mørch 24 A Quantum Cure for Panphobia 285 Paavo Pylkkänen 25 Panpsychism’s Combination Problem Is a Problem for Everyone 303 Jan 8, 2021 · In my forthcoming book entitled Kabbalistic Panpsychism: The Enigma of Consciousness in Jewish Mystical Thought (John Hunt Publishing), evidence supporting the latter is adduced from wide-ranging sources; implications of Kabbalistic panpsychism for female intuition, causation, neural organization, clinical states of awareness, free will, ethics Jan 8, 2017 · Panpsychism, the idea of universal consciousness, is a prominent thought in some branches of ancient Greek philosophy, paganism, and Buddhism. Strictly speaking it cannot be tested; the unobservable nature of consciousness First off, you are the one making the positive claim, so the burden of proof is on you. It offers a naturalistic escape from Cartesian dualism and Christian theology. It is where you end up if you to stick firmly to the path that begins with the depsychologization of consciousness. Such a definition is naturally open to a wide variety of interpretations—owing, if nothing else, to the ambiguity involved with such terms as “everything” and “mind. In this sense, they imply a motor memory immanent to Feb 16, 2021 · Panpsychism provides a way around this conundrum. This is what makes panpsychism an interesting view, even for those who find it wildly implausible. Panentheism has also become immensely popular in the philo-sophy of religion. I don’t have to “prove panpsychism wrong” to be justified in rejecting it, you need to provide evidence for your claim first, then we can have a discussion about it. The main objection made to panpsychism is that it is ‘crazy’ and ‘just obviously wrong’. There is a possible reading of panpsychism where all physical properties are grounded in mental properties. Constitutive panpsychists need to make sense of this, as they hold that facts about human and animal subjects are constituted of facts about more fundamental kinds Panpsychism pushes us to reconsider what we mean by consciousness. Nov 19, 2022 · ENDNOTES. ) But respectability has come at the price of severing the association with animism, a concept of interest to anthropologists and environmentalists The term panpsychism comes from the Greek pan (πᾶν: "all, everything, whole") and psyche (ψυχή: "soul, mind"). May 1, 2017 · Panpsychism is a theory without proof about how widespread the mind is in the universe. ” Bergson disputes this idea which ultimately constitutes a kind of Platonism. 4, Action Theory and Philosophy of Mind, Ridgeview Publishing Company, 1990) Show less. Dec 31, 2023 · This is what scientists call panpsychism and it’s the simplest, most elegant solution to the mind-body problem. Traditional views often confine consciousness to humans or higher animals, a perspective rooted in a certain level of neurological complexity. Apr. Chalmers 1 Panpsychism and Panprotopsychism David J. Both approaches argue that consciousness is present across the animal kingdom to varying degrees. e. (If further proof were needed, there is now a Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism, published in 2020. 2 Modern common sense bridles at the claim that planets, trees, rocks, atoms, or electrons possess mental attributes. This is how William Seager introduces it in the Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism. Nov 4, 2022 · It’s not a surprise, then, that Rucker never supplies any arguments for his panpsychism (there is a ‘nine-step formal proof of panpsychism’): he simply makes categorical (often oracular Hence, both an investigation of panpsychism’s historical background and a comparative study of panpsychism are important for present-day philo-sophical discussion. Jan 1, 2014 · Panpsychism, the ancient doctrine that consciousness is universal, offers some lessons in how to think about subjective experience today. Panpsychism offers the hope of an extremely elegant and unified picture of the world. Jul 6, 2018 · Physical processes manifest an objective order that science manages to discover. Panpsychism and Panprotopsychism David J. Download Jan 15, 2018 · And if one considers solipsism unacceptable, then the demand for empirical proof is not required for a mind-matter theory such as panpsychism. Contents: Intro. 57 And if one considers solipsism unacceptable, then the demand for empirical proof is not required for a mind-matter theory such as panpsychism. In fact, there are a number of basic considerations that Oct 20, 2016 · At first, however, the above claims may sound naive and quite unwelcome. Clear indications of panpsychist doctrines are evident in early Greek thought. In this way, panpsychism can maintain the ontological continuity and homogeneity of reality. [7]: 1 The use of "psyche" is controversial because it is synonymous with "soul", a term usually taken to refer to something supernatural; more common terms now found in the literature include mind, mental properties, mental aspect, and experience. Jan 14, 2020 · According to panpsychism, consciousness pervades the universe and is a fundamental feature of it. Panpsychism is the idea that the building blocks of matter a capable of experience (consciousness). The view has a long and venerable history in philosophical traditions of both East and West, and has recently enjoyed a revival in analytic philosophy. Along with outlining the problem, it also outlines some potential solutions for the panpsychist and assesses their viability. In practice, people who call themselves panpsychists are not committed to as strong a doctrine. This leads some critics to the idea that panpsychism is useless speculation. 3 days ago · How to say panpsychism in English? Pronunciation of panpsychism with 3 audio pronunciations, 1 meaning, 3 translations, 2 sentences and more for panpsychism. The panpsychism we have considered so far implies no particular view of the nature of physical reality. In considering responses to the notorious combination problem for panpsychism, the chapter moves onto other forms of panpsychism to examine whether they fare any better against this challenge. However, panpsychism expands this horizon, suggesting that consciousness—or at least proto-consciousness—is a universal property. We believe that the version of panpsychism Strawson advocates, according to which the ultimates are themselves subjects of experi- Jan 27, 2018 · Panpsychism offers an attractive alternative solution: Consciousness is a fundamental feature of physical matter; every single particle in existence has an “unimaginably simple” form of In other words, if we allow that panpsychism is correct, and our only evidence for this theory is the observed effect of phenomenal conscious states, then all panpsychism allows us to do is claim that all matter fundamentally has a conscious property to it, and that this conscious property allows for the development of consciousness exactly as Nov 12, 2016 · In the end, it seems as though panpsychism is discredited, or at least suspended, due to its inability to really establish proof of a coherent individual concept of mental states. 56 If this demand for proof were accepted, then no mind-matter theory bar solipsism would be acceptable. May 23, 2001 · Panpsychism's assertion that mind suffuses the universe presents a fundamental and sharp contrast with its basic rival, emergentism, which asserts that mind appears only at certain times, in certain places under certain—probably very special and very rare—conditions. I know Chalmers has entertained the potential benefits of (though not submitted any proof for) a theory that contains panpsychism. ) She Oct 28, 2022 · Elements of panpsychism can already be found in the works of early Greek philosophers (Skrbina 2005). I think it takes only one observation to get to pantheism. The meaning of PANPSYCHISM is a theory that all nature is psychical or has a psychic aspect and that every physical happening participates in the mental. A study in the Journal of Consciousness Studies sets out how integrating consciousness as a basic rather than emergent property could provide better explanations for the development of conscious states in Clearly, panpsychism's fortunes have risen dramatically in the world of professional philosophy. Only two “Alternatives” reject panpsychism. Panpsychism is the view that mentality is fundamental and ubiquitous Nov 30, 2004 · A final note in this section refers to the position of panpsychism or panexperientialism, respectively (see Skrbina 2003, Seager 2020, and the entry on panpsychism). Probably the best way to locate panpsychism within the mind–body problem is to see it as the counter position to emergentist views of mentality (of which modern physicalist theories are all examples). How does the brain produce 1. The final denouement of this article affirms the existence of universal consciousness, but not one that would be depicted by contemporary theologians. This doesn’t mean that literally everything is conscious. Oct 20, 2016 · Panpsychism is an option that deserves more attention in the future. Jan 22, 2008 · 10 Responses to “A Formal Proof of Panpsychism and Hylozoism” rs Says: January 23rd, 2008 at 6:21 am. 1] But is this really the case Nov 17, 2017 · Panpsychism’s popularity stems from the fact that it promises to solve two deep problems simultaneously. edu Academia. Consciousness is not limited to humans and other animals. Despite its long history, it has been revived in recent discussions as a solution to the problems raised by the mind, especially to the so-called hard problem of consciousness. Panentheism strives for a higher reconciliation of an atheistic pantheism, on which the universe itself is causa sui, and the ontological dualism of necessarily Panpsychism. In his work on consciousness, Koch collaborates with a researcher named Giulio Tononi. MacDougall P4 Consciousness exists, therefore time existed before consciousness or else there would have never been time to Non-Constitutive Forms of Panpsychism What seems difficult to make sense of in the subject-summing problem is certain conscious subjects coming together to constitute a new subject. ” [4, p. 1 Introduction A contemporary form of panpsychism says that phenomenality is prevalent because all physical ultimates instantiate phenomenal or protophenomenal properties. Nov 14, 2013 · What Koch proposes is a scientifically refined version of an ancient philosophical doctrine called panpsychism — and, coming from someone else, it might sound more like spirituality than science Oct 20, 2016 · For present purposes, the relevant sorts of mental states are conscious experiences. That said, there's a difference between "collective consciousness" and saying that everything is conscious. And, by undermining the mechanistic worldview, it promises to resolve not only long-standing philosophical problems but persistent social and ecological Panpsychism, (from Greek pan, “all”; psychē, “soul”), a philosophical theory asserting that a plurality of separate and distinct psychic beings or minds constitute reality. The supposition that electrons have some form of consciousness, albeit extremely basic, is still thought by many to be just too crazy to take seriously. Sep 11, 2023 · Panpsychism may be roughly defined as a view that at least some of the properties constituting the fundamental level of reality are mental or proto-mental. Oct 20, 2016 · However, once we relax the stricture against radical emergence, we face a disjunctive conclusion: either panpsychism is true or else there is radical emergence. It may well be the case that panpsychism will receive hardly any empirical justification. It is somewhat akin to hylozoism, but in place of the thesis of the pervasiveness of life in nature substitutes the pervasiveness of sentience, experience or, in a broad sense, consciousness. Hence panpsychism, as such, leaves open the question as to which individuals above the minimal scale are sentient and which not, though particular systems of panpsychism may have their own suggestions as to how this can be decided. thvuvbqqyuedvtztncvgcdsbjjmytsdoqrajlyqtkbjafzlvupdow